From c8ead66f08027e8b3a14c94416b7cd17004f295a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Steve Cliff <steve@devcloud.guru>
Date: Sat, 2 May 2026 11:02:12 +0100
Subject: [PATCH] P1 polish: agent-as-root, init-repo flow, rest creds
 passthrough, UX fixes
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Cohesive batch from a smoke-test session against a real rest-server.
Themed bullets:

* Agent runs as root, sandboxed via systemd. CapabilityBoundingSet
  drops to CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH + restore caps; ProtectSystem=strict
  with ReadWritePaths confined to /etc + /var/lib/restic-manager;
  NoNewPrivileges blocks escalation. Install script no longer
  creates a service user. spec.md §4.2 / §14.1 / §14.3 explain the
  rationale (matches UrBackup / Veeam / Bareos defaults; trying to
  back up "everything" as an unprivileged user creates silent skips
  on /home, /root, /var/lib/* with no upside vs the threat model
  the agent already implies).

* Init-repo end-to-end. New JobKind="init" wired through agent
  runner, restic.Env.RunInit, server dispatcher, and a UI button
  (red "Initialise repo" in the run-now panel). hosts.repo_initialised_at
  flips on init success, on backup success, or on a non-empty
  snapshots.report. The "Run now" / "Init" / "Retry" branching now
  drives both the dashboard host row and the host-detail panel.
  Migrations 0004 (column), 0005 (jobs.kind CHECK widened — using
  the safe create-new-then-rename pattern; first version corrupted
  job_logs.job_id FK), 0006 (cleans up job_logs FK on already-
  affected DBs).

* rest-server creds embedded at exec time only. restic.Env gains
  RepoUsername; mergeRestCreds() builds the user:pass@-prefixed URL
  inside envSlice() and never assigns it back to the struct, so
  nothing slog-able ever sees the cleartext form. RedactURL helper
  for any future surface that needs to log a URL safely. Both
  helpers tested.

* Add-host UX. Repo password is now optional — server mints a
  24-byte URL-safe random one and surfaces it once, alongside an
  htpasswd snippet ("echo PASS | htpasswd -B -i ... USERNAME") so
  the operator pastes one command on the rest-server host and one
  on the endpoint. Result page also links the install snippet at
  /install/install.sh (was /install.sh — 404'd before) and pipes
  to bash (not sh — script uses set -o pipefail and other
  bashisms; on Debian/Ubuntu sh is dash).

* Late-subscriber race in JobHub. A fast-failing job could finish
  (DB write + Broadcast) before the browser's HX-Redirect → page
  load → WS-connect path completed, so the JS sat forever waiting
  on a job.finished that already passed. JobHub split into
  Register + Send + Run; handleJobStream now subscribes first,
  re-fetches the job, and sends a synthetic job.finished if the
  state is already terminal.

* HTMX error visibility. New toast partial listens to
  htmx:responseError and surfaces the response body as a
  bottom-right toast — every server-side validation error now
  becomes visible without per-handler JS wiring. Also handles
  custom rm:toast events for future server-pushed notifications
  via the HX-Trigger header. Themed via existing CSS vars.

* Dashboard rows are now whole-row clickable to host detail
  (CSS card-link pattern: absolute-positioned anchor + .row-action
  z-index restoration so the action button stays clickable).
  "View →" on a running job links to /jobs/<id> rather than
  /hosts/<id> since the row click already covers the host page.

* "Run first" / "Run first backup" → "Run now" everywhere for
  consistency.

* runbook (docs/e2e-smoke.md) updated — live-log streaming step
  now reflects P1-26; mentions the browser-driven Run-now flow.

* _diag/dump-creds — moved out of cmd/ so go build doesn't pick
  it up; .gitignore now excludes /_diag/ entirely.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 .gitignore                                    |   5 +
 cmd/agent/main.go                             |  10 ++
 deploy/install/install.sh                     |  40 ++----
 deploy/install/restic-manager-agent.service   |  38 +++--
 docs/e2e-smoke.md                             |   8 +-
 internal/agent/runner/runner.go               |  59 ++++++++
 internal/api/messages.go                      |   1 +
 internal/restic/runner.go                     |  64 ++++++++-
 internal/restic/url.go                        |  85 +++++++++++
 internal/restic/url_test.go                   |  41 ++++++
 internal/server/http/jobs.go                  |   2 +-
 internal/server/http/server.go                |   3 +
 internal/server/http/ui_handlers.go           | 136 +++++++++++++++++-
 internal/server/ui/ui.go                      |   1 +
 internal/server/ws/handler.go                 |  19 +++
 internal/server/ws/jobhub.go                  | 111 ++++++++------
 internal/store/hosts.go                       |  32 ++++-
 .../migrations/0004_repo_initialised.sql      |  15 ++
 .../store/migrations/0005_jobs_init_kind.sql  |  47 ++++++
 .../store/migrations/0006_fix_job_logs_fk.sql |  33 +++++
 internal/store/types.go                       |   6 +
 spec.md                                       |  36 +++--
 web/static/css/styles.css                     |   2 +-
 web/styles/input.css                          |  11 ++
 web/templates/layouts/base.html               |   2 +
 web/templates/pages/add_host.html             |  42 ++++--
 web/templates/pages/host_detail.html          |  39 +++--
 web/templates/partials/host_row.html          |  18 +--
 web/templates/partials/toast.html             | 108 ++++++++++++++
 29 files changed, 885 insertions(+), 129 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 internal/restic/url.go
 create mode 100644 internal/restic/url_test.go
 create mode 100644 internal/store/migrations/0004_repo_initialised.sql
 create mode 100644 internal/store/migrations/0005_jobs_init_kind.sql
 create mode 100644 internal/store/migrations/0006_fix_job_logs_fk.sql
 create mode 100644 web/templates/partials/toast.html

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 1b5e793..c9e5566 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -25,3 +25,8 @@ coverage.html
 .env
 .env.local
 *.local
+
+# Local diagnostic helpers (never shipped). Go's build tooling already
+# skips paths beginning with _ or ., but ignore explicitly so nothing
+# checked in here can leak into a release tarball.
+/_diag/
diff --git a/cmd/agent/main.go b/cmd/agent/main.go
index 2e9b71d..8b03b58 100644
--- a/cmd/agent/main.go
+++ b/cmd/agent/main.go
@@ -243,6 +243,7 @@ func (d *dispatcher) runJob(ctx context.Context, p api.CommandRunPayload, tx wsc
 	r := runner.New(runner.Config{
 		ResticBin:    d.resticBin,
 		RepoURL:      creds.URL,
+		RepoUsername: creds.Username,
 		RepoPassword: creds.Password,
 	}, tx, time.Second)
 
@@ -259,6 +260,15 @@ func (d *dispatcher) runJob(ctx context.Context, p api.CommandRunPayload, tx wsc
 			}
 			slog.Info("agent: backup job complete", "job_id", p.JobID)
 		}()
+	case api.JobInit:
+		slog.Info("agent: accepting init job", "job_id", p.JobID)
+		go func() {
+			if err := r.RunInit(ctx, p.JobID); err != nil {
+				slog.Warn("agent: init job failed", "job_id", p.JobID, "err", err)
+				return
+			}
+			slog.Info("agent: init job complete", "job_id", p.JobID)
+		}()
 	default:
 		return fmt.Errorf("kind %q not implemented yet (Phase 2 lands the rest)", p.Kind)
 	}
diff --git a/deploy/install/install.sh b/deploy/install/install.sh
index 401f80f..f35319b 100755
--- a/deploy/install/install.sh
+++ b/deploy/install/install.sh
@@ -2,19 +2,23 @@
 # install.sh — Linux installer for the restic-manager agent.
 #
 # Usage (paste in shell):
-#   curl -fsSL https://restic.lab.example/install.sh | \
-#     sudo RM_SERVER=https://restic.lab.example RM_TOKEN=<one-time-token> sh
+#   curl -fsSL https://restic.lab.example/install/install.sh | \
+#     sudo RM_SERVER=https://restic.lab.example RM_TOKEN=<one-time-token> bash
 #
 # What it does:
 #   1. detects arch (amd64 / arm64)
 #   2. fetches the matching agent binary from the server
-#   3. creates the restic-manager-agent service user
-#   4. lays down /etc/restic-manager/, /var/lib/restic-manager/
-#   5. enrolls (POST /api/agents/enroll) using RM_TOKEN
-#   6. installs the systemd unit, enables, starts
-#   7. surfaces (but does NOT disable) any existing restic timers /
+#   3. lays down /etc/restic-manager/, /var/lib/restic-manager/ (root:root, 0700)
+#   4. enrolls (POST /api/agents/enroll) using RM_TOKEN
+#   5. installs the systemd unit, enables, starts
+#   6. surfaces (but does NOT disable) any existing restic timers /
 #      cron entries so the operator can decide what to do
 #
+# The agent runs as root. See restic-manager-agent.service for the
+# rationale (in short: a fleet-backup tool must read every file on
+# the system; trying to do that unprivileged buys very little
+# security and creates large UX cliffs).
+#
 # Idempotent — safe to re-run; will refuse if already enrolled
 # unless RM_FORCE_REENROLL=1 is set.
 
@@ -25,8 +29,6 @@ set -euo pipefail
 : "${RM_INSTALL_PREFIX:=/usr/local/bin}"
 : "${RM_CONFIG_DIR:=/etc/restic-manager}"
 : "${RM_STATE_DIR:=/var/lib/restic-manager}"
-: "${RM_USER:=restic-manager-agent}"
-: "${RM_GROUP:=restic-manager-agent}"
 : "${RM_FORCE_REENROLL:=0}"
 
 require_root() {
@@ -44,21 +46,9 @@ detect_arch() {
   esac
 }
 
-ensure_user() {
-  if ! getent group "$RM_GROUP" >/dev/null; then
-    groupadd --system "$RM_GROUP"
-  fi
-  if ! getent passwd "$RM_USER" >/dev/null; then
-    useradd --system --gid "$RM_GROUP" \
-      --home-dir "$RM_STATE_DIR" --no-create-home \
-      --shell /usr/sbin/nologin \
-      "$RM_USER"
-  fi
-}
-
 ensure_dirs() {
-  install -d -m 0750 -o "$RM_USER" -g "$RM_GROUP" "$RM_CONFIG_DIR"
-  install -d -m 0750 -o "$RM_USER" -g "$RM_GROUP" "$RM_STATE_DIR"
+  install -d -m 0700 -o root -g root "$RM_CONFIG_DIR"
+  install -d -m 0700 -o root -g root "$RM_STATE_DIR"
 }
 
 detect_existing_schedulers() {
@@ -121,8 +111,7 @@ enroll_agent() {
   fi
 
   echo "==> Enrolling agent with $RM_SERVER"
-  sudo -u "$RM_USER" \
-    "$RM_INSTALL_PREFIX/restic-manager-agent" \
+  "$RM_INSTALL_PREFIX/restic-manager-agent" \
       -config "$cfg" \
       -enroll-server "$RM_SERVER" \
       -enroll-token "$RM_TOKEN"
@@ -142,7 +131,6 @@ install_unit() {
 
 main() {
   require_root
-  ensure_user
   ensure_dirs
   download_agent
   detect_existing_schedulers
diff --git a/deploy/install/restic-manager-agent.service b/deploy/install/restic-manager-agent.service
index 2567559..e253ccc 100644
--- a/deploy/install/restic-manager-agent.service
+++ b/deploy/install/restic-manager-agent.service
@@ -10,20 +10,34 @@ ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/restic-manager-agent -config /etc/restic-manager/agent.
 Restart=always
 RestartSec=5
 
-# Run as a dedicated unprivileged user; the install script creates it.
-User=restic-manager-agent
-Group=restic-manager-agent
+# The agent runs as root. A fleet-backup tool needs to read every
+# file on the system regardless of DAC permissions; running as a
+# dedicated unprivileged user means either silent skips on /home,
+# /root, /var/lib/<other-daemons>, or operators having to add the
+# service user to every group whose files they want backed up. Both
+# are worse than the threat model already implies (the agent holds
+# repo credentials, executes arbitrary restic, and runs operator-
+# defined hooks — its blast radius is already large).
+#
+# The mitigation is aggressive systemd sandboxing of the root
+# process: drop all capabilities except the few we need, deny
+# writes outside our state dirs, and forbid privilege escalation.
+User=root
+Group=root
 
-# The agent reads its config and writes a small state file there.
-# Anything else is read-only.
-ReadWritePaths=/etc/restic-manager /var/lib/restic-manager
+# CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH lets us read any file regardless of DAC perms
+# (the "backup everything" capability). CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE is needed
+# during restore for chown/chmod to recreate ownership. Drop the
+# rest — root in this process means "can read", not "can do".
+CapabilityBoundingSet=CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE CAP_FOWNER CAP_CHOWN
+AmbientCapabilities=CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE CAP_FOWNER CAP_CHOWN
 
-# Hardening — restic itself needs filesystem read access to whatever
-# paths it's backing up; we don't lock that down here. But everything
-# else gets the standard systemd sandboxing toggles.
+# Hardening — blocks privilege escalation even from root, and
+# confines writes / network / kernel access to what restic actually
+# needs. Filesystem reads stay open: that's the whole job.
 NoNewPrivileges=true
-PrivateTmp=true
 ProtectSystem=strict
+ReadWritePaths=/etc/restic-manager /var/lib/restic-manager
 ProtectHome=read-only
 ProtectHostname=true
 ProtectKernelTunables=true
@@ -31,12 +45,16 @@ ProtectKernelModules=true
 ProtectKernelLogs=true
 ProtectControlGroups=true
 ProtectClock=true
+PrivateTmp=true
+RestrictAddressFamilies=AF_UNIX AF_INET AF_INET6
 RestrictRealtime=true
 RestrictSUIDSGID=true
 RestrictNamespaces=true
 LockPersonality=true
 MemoryDenyWriteExecute=true
 SystemCallArchitectures=native
+SystemCallFilter=@system-service
+SystemCallFilter=~@privileged @resources @reboot @swap @module @raw-io
 
 [Install]
 WantedBy=multi-user.target
diff --git a/docs/e2e-smoke.md b/docs/e2e-smoke.md
index ef187d4..a43e0c2 100644
--- a/docs/e2e-smoke.md
+++ b/docs/e2e-smoke.md
@@ -224,6 +224,13 @@ The agent terminal will show restic chugging through two tiny files;
 the server terminal will log the lifecycle (`mark job started` /
 `mark job finished` / `snapshots refreshed count=1`).
 
+For a browser-driven version of the same flow, log in at
+`http://127.0.0.1:8080/` and click **Run now** on the host row — the
+button posts to `/hosts/{id}/run-backup` and the response sets
+`HX-Redirect` to the live log page, which subscribes to
+`/api/jobs/{id}/stream` (P1-26) and tails `job.progress` / `log.stream`
+until `job.finished` flips it to the final header.
+
 ## 9. Confirm the snapshot
 
 ```sh
@@ -272,7 +279,6 @@ relevant tasks land:
 
 - TLS termination at a reverse proxy (covered by P5-07 reference deployment)
 - Append-only restic creds + separate prune credential (P2-06)
-- Live job log streaming in a browser (P1-21 remainder; needs the UI)
 - Cancellation (P2)
 - Schedule-driven backups (P2-01 onwards)
 - Windows agent (P2-16/17)
diff --git a/internal/agent/runner/runner.go b/internal/agent/runner/runner.go
index e6e8bb9..a5462ae 100644
--- a/internal/agent/runner/runner.go
+++ b/internal/agent/runner/runner.go
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ type Sender interface {
 type Config struct {
 	ResticBin    string
 	RepoURL      string
+	RepoUsername string
 	RepoPassword string
 }
 
@@ -65,6 +66,7 @@ func (r *Runner) RunBackup(ctx context.Context, jobID string, paths, excludes, t
 	env := restic.Env{
 		Bin:          r.cfg.ResticBin,
 		RepoURL:      r.cfg.RepoURL,
+		RepoUsername: r.cfg.RepoUsername,
 		RepoPassword: r.cfg.RepoPassword,
 	}
 
@@ -146,6 +148,63 @@ func (r *Runner) RunBackup(ctx context.Context, jobID string, paths, excludes, t
 	return nil
 }
 
+// RunInit executes a repo-init job and reports back via the sender.
+// Returns nil on success. Same envelope shape as RunBackup so the
+// browser-side log viewer just works.
+func (r *Runner) RunInit(ctx context.Context, jobID string) error {
+	startedAt := time.Now().UTC()
+	startEnv, _ := api.Marshal(api.MsgJobStarted, jobID, api.JobStartedPayload{
+		JobID: jobID, Kind: api.JobInit, StartedAt: startedAt,
+	})
+	if err := r.tx.Send(startEnv); err != nil {
+		slog.Warn("runner: send job.started (init)", "err", err)
+	}
+
+	env := restic.Env{
+		Bin:          r.cfg.ResticBin,
+		RepoURL:      r.cfg.RepoURL,
+		RepoUsername: r.cfg.RepoUsername,
+		RepoPassword: r.cfg.RepoPassword,
+	}
+
+	var seq atomic.Int64
+	handle := func(stream string, line string, _ any) {
+		now := time.Now().UTC()
+		logEnv, _ := api.Marshal(api.MsgLogStream, "", api.LogStreamLine{
+			JobID:   jobID,
+			Seq:     seq.Add(1),
+			TS:      now,
+			Stream:  api.LogStream(stream),
+			Payload: line,
+		})
+		_ = r.tx.Send(logEnv)
+	}
+
+	err := env.RunInit(ctx, handle)
+	finishedAt := time.Now().UTC()
+
+	status := api.JobSucceeded
+	exit := 0
+	errMsg := ""
+	if err != nil {
+		status = api.JobFailed
+		exit = -1
+		errMsg = err.Error()
+	}
+	finEnv, _ := api.Marshal(api.MsgJobFinished, jobID, api.JobFinishedPayload{
+		JobID:      jobID,
+		Status:     status,
+		ExitCode:   exit,
+		FinishedAt: finishedAt,
+		Error:      errMsg,
+	})
+	_ = r.tx.Send(finEnv)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("runner init: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // reportSnapshots calls `restic snapshots --json`, translates the
 // payload into the wire shape, and ships it as a snapshots.report
 // envelope. Bounded by a separate timeout so a sluggish repo doesn't
diff --git a/internal/api/messages.go b/internal/api/messages.go
index c04743e..0a7b648 100644
--- a/internal/api/messages.go
+++ b/internal/api/messages.go
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ type JobKind string
 
 const (
 	JobBackup JobKind = "backup"
+	JobInit   JobKind = "init"
 	JobForget JobKind = "forget"
 	JobPrune  JobKind = "prune"
 	JobCheck  JobKind = "check"
diff --git a/internal/restic/runner.go b/internal/restic/runner.go
index be8dfc2..41b738a 100644
--- a/internal/restic/runner.go
+++ b/internal/restic/runner.go
@@ -33,10 +33,19 @@ func Locate(override string) (string, error) {
 }
 
 // Env is the per-invocation context for a restic command.
+//
+// RepoURL is the bare URL as the operator typed it — no embedded
+// credentials. RepoUsername (optional) carries the HTTP basic-auth
+// user for `rest:` repos. The merged URL (with `user:pass@host`
+// embedded) is built once inside envSlice() at the moment of exec
+// and fed straight to the subprocess via RESTIC_REPOSITORY; we
+// never assign it back to Env, never pass it to slog. If anything
+// in this package ever needs to *log* a URL, use RedactURL.
 type Env struct {
 	Bin           string            // path to restic binary
-	RepoURL       string            // RESTIC_REPOSITORY
-	RepoPassword  string            // RESTIC_PASSWORD (passed via env, never argv)
+	RepoURL       string            // RESTIC_REPOSITORY (no embedded creds)
+	RepoUsername  string            // optional HTTP basic-auth user for rest: URLs
+	RepoPassword  string            // doubles as RESTIC_PASSWORD and (for rest:) HTTP basic-auth password
 	ExtraEnv      map[string]string // any other RESTIC_* / passthrough
 	WorkDir       string            // CWD; default = current
 }
@@ -140,6 +149,55 @@ func (e Env) RunBackup(ctx context.Context, paths, excludes, tags []string, hand
 	return summary, nil
 }
 
+// RunInit executes `restic init` against the configured repo. Returns
+// nil on success. Restic init's output is small and not JSON-rich;
+// we tee stdout/stderr verbatim through handle so the operator sees
+// the same lines they'd see at the CLI ("created restic repository
+// <id> at <url>" on success, "config file already exists" on a
+// re-init attempt, etc.).
+func (e Env) RunInit(ctx context.Context, handle LineHandler) error {
+	cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, e.Bin, "init")
+	cmd.Env = e.envSlice()
+	cmd.Dir = e.WorkDir
+
+	stdout, err := cmd.StdoutPipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("restic init: stdout pipe: %w", err)
+	}
+	stderr, err := cmd.StderrPipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("restic init: stderr pipe: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := cmd.Start(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("restic init: start: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	done := make(chan error, 2)
+	go func() { done <- pumpPlain(stdout, "stdout", handle) }()
+	go func() { done <- pumpPlain(stderr, "stderr", handle) }()
+	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+		if err := <-done; err != nil && handle != nil {
+			handle("event", fmt.Sprintf("pump error: %v", err), nil)
+		}
+	}
+	if werr := cmd.Wait(); werr != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("restic init: %w", werr)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func pumpPlain(r io.Reader, stream string, handle LineHandler) error {
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(r)
+	scanner.Buffer(make([]byte, 0, 64*1024), 1024*1024)
+	for scanner.Scan() {
+		if handle != nil {
+			handle(stream, scanner.Text(), nil)
+		}
+	}
+	return scanner.Err()
+}
+
 // envSlice converts Env's typed fields into the os/exec env shape.
 //
 // Deliberately does NOT inherit the parent process's environment:
@@ -164,7 +222,7 @@ func (e Env) envSlice() []string {
 		xdg = x
 	}
 	out := []string{
-		"RESTIC_REPOSITORY=" + e.RepoURL,
+		"RESTIC_REPOSITORY=" + mergeRestCreds(e.RepoURL, e.RepoUsername, e.RepoPassword),
 		"RESTIC_PASSWORD=" + e.RepoPassword,
 		// Feed restic via env-only — keeps creds off ps(1).
 		"PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin",
diff --git a/internal/restic/url.go b/internal/restic/url.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a1ddc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/restic/url.go
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+package restic
+
+import (
+	"net/url"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// mergeRestCreds embeds basic-auth user:pass into a `rest:` URL, only
+// at the moment we hand it off to the restic subprocess. The result
+// is intentionally NOT stored on Env or logged — restic's REST
+// backend reads basic-auth from the URL only, so we have nowhere
+// else to put them. Callers must treat the return value as
+// secret-bearing and feed it straight into exec env.
+//
+// No-ops when:
+//   - the URL has no `rest:` prefix (other backends — s3, b2, sftp,
+//     etc. — get creds via their own env vars);
+//   - the URL already embeds user:pass (operator typed creds inline);
+//   - username is empty.
+//
+// Returns rawURL unchanged if it can't be parsed; restic will then
+// reject it and the operator gets a clear error rather than a silent
+// "I quietly stripped your URL" surprise.
+func mergeRestCreds(rawURL, username, password string) string {
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(rawURL, "rest:") {
+		return rawURL
+	}
+	if username == "" {
+		return rawURL
+	}
+	inner := strings.TrimPrefix(rawURL, "rest:")
+	u, err := url.Parse(inner)
+	if err != nil || u.Host == "" {
+		// Either unparseable or a relative URL we shouldn't touch —
+		// pass through and let restic complain with a clear message.
+		return rawURL
+	}
+	if u.User != nil {
+		// Operator already embedded creds — don't overwrite.
+		return rawURL
+	}
+	u.User = url.UserPassword(username, password)
+	return "rest:" + u.String()
+}
+
+// RedactURL returns a logging-safe version of u with any password in
+// the userinfo replaced by ***. Mirrors restic's own redaction so
+// our logs match what restic prints. Use this — never the bare URL —
+// whenever a URL might end up in slog output, audit entries, or any
+// surface an operator can read.
+//
+// Non-restic URLs (s3, b2, sftp, …) pass through unchanged unless
+// they happen to embed userinfo, in which case we redact the same
+// way for consistency.
+func RedactURL(u string) string {
+	prefix := ""
+	rest := u
+	if i := strings.Index(u, ":"); i > 0 && i+3 < len(u) && u[i+1:i+3] == "//" {
+		// scheme://… — keep "scheme:" intact.
+		prefix = u[:i+1]
+		rest = u[i+1:]
+	} else if strings.HasPrefix(u, "rest:") {
+		prefix = "rest:"
+		rest = strings.TrimPrefix(u, "rest:")
+	}
+	parsed, err := url.Parse(rest)
+	if err != nil || parsed.User == nil {
+		return u
+	}
+	if _, hasPass := parsed.User.Password(); !hasPass {
+		return u
+	}
+	// Build the redacted form by hand rather than via url.URL.String(),
+	// which percent-encodes the redaction marker into "%2A%2A%2A".
+	user := parsed.User.Username()
+	parsed.User = nil
+	rebuilt := parsed.String()
+	// rebuilt is "scheme://host/path…"; splice user:***@ in after "//".
+	const sep = "//"
+	idx := strings.Index(rebuilt, sep)
+	if idx < 0 {
+		return u
+	}
+	return prefix + rebuilt[:idx+len(sep)] + user + ":***@" + rebuilt[idx+len(sep):]
+}
diff --git a/internal/restic/url_test.go b/internal/restic/url_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..63f9b5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/restic/url_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+package restic
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestMergeRestCreds(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name, url, user, pass, want string
+	}{
+		{"rest with creds", "rest:http://h:8000/p/", "u", "p", "rest:http://u:p@h:8000/p/"},
+		{"rest no user — no-op", "rest:http://h:8000/p/", "", "p", "rest:http://h:8000/p/"},
+		{"rest creds already inline — no-op",
+			"rest:http://existing:secret@h:8000/p/", "u", "p",
+			"rest:http://existing:secret@h:8000/p/"},
+		{"non-rest s3 — no-op", "s3:s3.amazonaws.com/bucket", "u", "p", "s3:s3.amazonaws.com/bucket"},
+		{"unparseable — pass through", "rest:not a url", "u", "p", "rest:not a url"},
+		{"https URL kept intact", "rest:https://h/p/", "u", "p", "rest:https://u:p@h/p/"},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		t.Run(c.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := mergeRestCreds(c.url, c.user, c.pass)
+			if got != c.want {
+				t.Fatalf("mergeRestCreds(%q,%q,***) = %q; want %q", c.url, c.user, got, c.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRedactURL(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct{ in, want string }{
+		{"rest:http://u:p@h:8000/p/", "rest:http://u:***@h:8000/p/"},
+		{"rest:http://h:8000/p/", "rest:http://h:8000/p/"},
+		{"https://u:p@example/", "https://u:***@example/"},
+		{"s3:s3.amazonaws.com/bucket", "s3:s3.amazonaws.com/bucket"},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		got := RedactURL(c.in)
+		if got != c.want {
+			t.Fatalf("RedactURL(%q) = %q; want %q", c.in, got, c.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/server/http/jobs.go b/internal/server/http/jobs.go
index db26054..3bef4d5 100644
--- a/internal/server/http/jobs.go
+++ b/internal/server/http/jobs.go
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ func (s *Server) requireUser(r *stdhttp.Request) (*store.User, bool) {
 
 func validJobKind(k api.JobKind) bool {
 	switch k {
-	case api.JobBackup, api.JobForget, api.JobPrune, api.JobCheck, api.JobUnlock:
+	case api.JobBackup, api.JobInit, api.JobForget, api.JobPrune, api.JobCheck, api.JobUnlock:
 		return true
 	}
 	return false
diff --git a/internal/server/http/server.go b/internal/server/http/server.go
index 6a1035e..fc90d17 100644
--- a/internal/server/http/server.go
+++ b/internal/server/http/server.go
@@ -135,6 +135,9 @@ func (s *Server) routes(r chi.Router) {
 		r.Post("/logout", s.handleUILogoutPost)
 		// HTMX action endpoint for "Run now" buttons on the dashboard.
 		r.Post("/hosts/{id}/run-backup", s.handleUIRunBackup)
+		// HTMX action endpoint for the red "Initialise repo" button
+		// shown in the run-now panel until the repo is confirmed init'd.
+		r.Post("/hosts/{id}/init-repo", s.handleUIInitRepo)
 		// Add host flow.
 		r.Get("/hosts/new", s.handleUIAddHostGet)
 		r.Post("/hosts/new", s.handleUIAddHostPost)
diff --git a/internal/server/http/ui_handlers.go b/internal/server/http/ui_handlers.go
index 94de2cd..f88c011 100644
--- a/internal/server/http/ui_handlers.go
+++ b/internal/server/http/ui_handlers.go
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 package http
 
 import (
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/base64"
 	"errors"
 	"io/fs"
 	"log/slog"
@@ -178,6 +180,12 @@ func (s *Server) handleUIRunBackup(w stdhttp.ResponseWriter, r *stdhttp.Request)
 			stdhttp.StatusBadRequest)
 		return
 	}
+	if host.RepoInitialisedAt == nil {
+		stdhttp.Error(w,
+			"this host's repo hasn't been initialised yet — click Initialise repo first",
+			stdhttp.StatusBadRequest)
+		return
+	}
 	res, status, code, msg := s.dispatchJob(r.Context(), storeUser, hostID, api.JobBackup, host.DefaultPaths)
 	if code != "" {
 		stdhttp.Error(w, msg, status)
@@ -197,6 +205,47 @@ func (s *Server) handleUIRunBackup(w stdhttp.ResponseWriter, r *stdhttp.Request)
 	stdhttp.Redirect(w, r, target, stdhttp.StatusSeeOther)
 }
 
+// handleUIInitRepo dispatches a one-shot `restic init` job for a
+// host. Surfaced in the run-now panel as a red "Initialise repo"
+// button when host.repo_initialised_at IS NULL. On success it
+// redirects to the live log page just like Run-now.
+func (s *Server) handleUIInitRepo(w stdhttp.ResponseWriter, r *stdhttp.Request) {
+	u := s.requireUIUser(w, r)
+	if u == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	hostID := chi.URLParam(r, "id")
+	if hostID == "" {
+		stdhttp.Error(w, "missing host id", stdhttp.StatusBadRequest)
+		return
+	}
+	storeUser, _, err := s.userByID(r, u.ID)
+	if err != nil {
+		stdhttp.Error(w, "internal", stdhttp.StatusInternalServerError)
+		return
+	}
+	if _, err := s.deps.Store.GetHost(r.Context(), hostID); err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, store.ErrNotFound) {
+			stdhttp.NotFound(w, r)
+			return
+		}
+		stdhttp.Error(w, "internal", stdhttp.StatusInternalServerError)
+		return
+	}
+	res, status, code, msg := s.dispatchJob(r.Context(), storeUser, hostID, api.JobInit, nil)
+	if code != "" {
+		stdhttp.Error(w, msg, status)
+		return
+	}
+	target := "/jobs/" + res.JobID
+	if r.Header.Get("HX-Request") == "true" {
+		w.Header().Set("HX-Redirect", target)
+		w.WriteHeader(stdhttp.StatusOK)
+		return
+	}
+	stdhttp.Redirect(w, r, target, stdhttp.StatusSeeOther)
+}
+
 // addHostPage carries the form state into the Add host template.
 // In State A (form), Token is empty. In State B (result), Token is
 // populated and the template renders the install command.
@@ -223,6 +272,16 @@ type addHostPage struct {
 	// install command panel instead of the form.
 	Token     string
 	ExpiresAt time.Time
+
+	// RepoPassword is the password the agent will use against the
+	// rest-server. When the operator left the password field blank
+	// we generate one server-side; PasswordGenerated tracks which
+	// path produced it so the result page can label it appropriately.
+	// Either way it's surfaced on the result page exactly once,
+	// inside the htpasswd snippet — same one-time-view rule as the
+	// enrolment token. Reload = gone.
+	RepoPassword      string
+	PasswordGenerated bool
 }
 
 // handleUIAddHostGet renders the empty Add host form.
@@ -264,8 +323,22 @@ func (s *Server) handleUIAddHostPost(w stdhttp.ResponseWriter, r *stdhttp.Reques
 
 	if page.Hostname == "" {
 		page.Error = "Hostname is required."
-	} else if page.RepoURL == "" || repoPassword == "" {
-		page.Error = "Repo URL and password are both required so the agent can back up the moment it comes online."
+	} else if page.RepoURL == "" {
+		page.Error = "Repo URL is required so the agent can back up the moment it comes online."
+	}
+
+	// If the operator didn't type a password, mint one. We surface it
+	// once on the result page (inside the htpasswd snippet) so they
+	// can paste it into the rest-server's htpasswd file.
+	if page.Error == "" && repoPassword == "" {
+		gen, err := generateRepoPassword()
+		if err != nil {
+			slog.Error("ui add_host: generate repo password", "err", err)
+			page.Error = "Couldn’t generate a password — see the server log for details."
+		} else {
+			repoPassword = gen
+			page.PasswordGenerated = true
+		}
 	}
 
 	defaultPaths := splitPaths(page.Paths)
@@ -276,6 +349,7 @@ func (s *Server) handleUIAddHostPost(w stdhttp.ResponseWriter, r *stdhttp.Reques
 		case nil:
 			page.Token = token
 			page.ExpiresAt = expires
+			page.RepoPassword = repoPassword
 		case errMissingRepoCreds:
 			page.Error = "Repo URL and password are both required."
 		default:
@@ -355,6 +429,18 @@ func (s *Server) handleUIHostDetail(w stdhttp.ResponseWriter, r *stdhttp.Request
 	}
 }
 
+// generateRepoPassword returns a 24-byte URL-safe random string for
+// use as a per-host rest-server password. URL-safe alphabet keeps
+// it shell-safe inside single quotes — important since the operator
+// pastes it into an `htpasswd -i` invocation on the rest-server.
+func generateRepoPassword() (string, error) {
+	var buf [24]byte
+	if _, err := rand.Read(buf[:]); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(buf[:]), nil
+}
+
 // splitPaths parses the textarea content into a clean []string —
 // one path per line, leading/trailing whitespace trimmed, blanks
 // dropped.
@@ -479,7 +565,51 @@ func (s *Server) handleJobStream(w stdhttp.ResponseWriter, r *stdhttp.Request) {
 
 	// Wrap so we get the same Send semantics as the agent path.
 	c := ws.NewConn("browser-"+jobID, conn)
-	s.deps.JobHub.Subscribe(r.Context(), jobID, c)
+
+	// Register first so future broadcasts reach us, then re-fetch the
+	// job to close the late-subscriber race: a fast-failing job can
+	// finish (DB write + Broadcast) before the browser's WS hop
+	// completes, leaving the JS waiting forever for a job.finished
+	// that already passed. If the job is already terminal here, prime
+	// the subscriber with a synthetic job.finished so the JS reloads.
+	sub := s.deps.JobHub.Register(jobID)
+	if cur, gerr := s.deps.Store.GetJob(r.Context(), jobID); gerr == nil && isTerminalJobStatus(cur.Status) {
+		if env, ferr := buildSyntheticJobFinished(cur); ferr == nil {
+			sub.Send(env)
+		}
+	}
+	sub.Run(r.Context(), c)
+}
+
+func isTerminalJobStatus(s string) bool {
+	switch api.JobStatus(s) {
+	case api.JobSucceeded, api.JobFailed, api.JobCancelled:
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func buildSyntheticJobFinished(job *store.Job) (api.Envelope, error) {
+	var fin time.Time
+	if job.FinishedAt != nil {
+		fin = *job.FinishedAt
+	}
+	exit := 0
+	if job.ExitCode != nil {
+		exit = *job.ExitCode
+	}
+	errMsg := ""
+	if job.Error != nil {
+		errMsg = *job.Error
+	}
+	return api.Marshal(api.MsgJobFinished, "", api.JobFinishedPayload{
+		JobID:      job.ID,
+		Status:     api.JobStatus(job.Status),
+		ExitCode:   exit,
+		FinishedAt: fin,
+		Stats:      job.Stats,
+		Error:      errMsg,
+	})
 }
 
 // userByID fetches the full store.User the UI session represents.
diff --git a/internal/server/ui/ui.go b/internal/server/ui/ui.go
index b4fe62b..6e3192a 100644
--- a/internal/server/ui/ui.go
+++ b/internal/server/ui/ui.go
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ func New() (*Renderer, error) {
 		"templates/layouts/chromeless.html",
 		"templates/partials/nav.html",
 		"templates/partials/host_row.html",
+		"templates/partials/toast.html",
 	}
 
 	pageEntries, err := fs.Glob(web.FS, "templates/pages/*.html")
diff --git a/internal/server/ws/handler.go b/internal/server/ws/handler.go
index e309de4..e72e946 100644
--- a/internal/server/ws/handler.go
+++ b/internal/server/ws/handler.go
@@ -196,6 +196,16 @@ func dispatchAgentMessage(ctx context.Context, c *Conn, hostID string, env api.E
 			string(p.Status), p.ExitCode, p.Stats, errMsg, p.FinishedAt); err != nil {
 			slog.Warn("ws: mark job finished", "job_id", p.JobID, "err", err)
 		}
+		// A successful backup or init proves the repo exists; flip
+		// repo_initialised_at on the host (idempotent — set-if-null).
+		if p.Status == api.JobSucceeded {
+			if job, err := deps.Store.GetJob(ctx, p.JobID); err == nil &&
+				(job.Kind == string(api.JobBackup) || job.Kind == string(api.JobInit)) {
+				if _, err := deps.Store.MarkHostRepoInitialised(ctx, hostID, p.FinishedAt); err != nil {
+					slog.Warn("ws: mark repo initialised", "host_id", hostID, "err", err)
+				}
+			}
+		}
 		if deps.JobHub != nil {
 			deps.JobHub.Broadcast(p.JobID, env)
 		}
@@ -235,6 +245,15 @@ func dispatchAgentMessage(ctx context.Context, c *Conn, hostID string, env api.E
 		} else {
 			slog.Info("ws: snapshots refreshed", "host_id", hostID, "count", len(snaps))
 		}
+		// A non-empty snapshot list also proves the repo is initialised
+		// (catches the case where an external job — `restic init` from
+		// the CLI, or a backup ran outside this control plane —
+		// initialised it before our first job dispatched).
+		if len(snaps) > 0 {
+			if _, err := deps.Store.MarkHostRepoInitialised(ctx, hostID, time.Now().UTC()); err != nil {
+				slog.Warn("ws: mark repo initialised (snapshots)", "host_id", hostID, "err", err)
+			}
+		}
 
 	case api.MsgRepoStats, api.MsgScheduleAck, api.MsgCommandResult:
 		// TODO(P2): persist these projections.
diff --git a/internal/server/ws/jobhub.go b/internal/server/ws/jobhub.go
index 19164ad..e509193 100644
--- a/internal/server/ws/jobhub.go
+++ b/internal/server/ws/jobhub.go
@@ -17,54 +17,66 @@ import (
 // read-only, lifecycle tied to the browser WS rather than the agent's.
 type JobHub struct {
 	mu   sync.RWMutex
-	subs map[string]map[*subscriber]struct{} // job_id → set
+	subs map[string]map[*Subscriber]struct{} // job_id → set
 }
 
 // NewJobHub returns an empty hub.
 func NewJobHub() *JobHub {
-	return &JobHub{subs: make(map[string]map[*subscriber]struct{})}
+	return &JobHub{subs: make(map[string]map[*Subscriber]struct{})}
 }
 
-// subscriber is one browser WS subscription. Each gets its own
-// buffered channel + writer goroutine so a slow client can't block
-// the broadcaster (or, transitively, the agent's read loop).
-type subscriber struct {
+// Subscriber is one browser WS subscription. Each gets its own
+// buffered channel so a slow client can't block the broadcaster (or,
+// transitively, the agent's read loop).
+//
+// Two-phase usage: Register() returns a Subscriber that's already in
+// the hub's set (so concurrent Broadcasts will reach it), but no
+// pump goroutine runs yet. The caller can prime the channel via Send
+// — useful for late-subscriber catch-up — and then call Run to start
+// the pump. Run blocks until ctx is cancelled or conn dies, and
+// unregisters on return.
+type Subscriber struct {
+	hub   *JobHub
 	jobID string
 	ch    chan api.Envelope
 }
 
-// Subscribe registers a new subscriber for jobID. Run pumps messages
-// from the subscriber's channel onto conn until ctx is cancelled or
-// conn dies; it returns when one of those happens. Caller is
-// expected to call this from the goroutine that owns conn.
+// Register adds a subscriber for jobID and returns it. The caller
+// MUST call Run to pump messages — until then the subscriber's
+// channel buffers silently (up to its capacity, then drops).
 //
-// If the subscriber's send channel fills, broadcasts drop messages
-// for that subscriber rather than blocking. The browser will see a
-// gap; on completion the page can re-fetch persisted log_lines to
-// reconcile.
-func (h *JobHub) Subscribe(ctx context.Context, jobID string, conn *Conn) {
+// Use Register + Send + Run when you need to prime the channel from
+// the calling goroutine before the pump starts (e.g. to send a
+// synthetic job.finished to a late subscriber whose target job is
+// already terminal). For the simple case use Subscribe.
+func (h *JobHub) Register(jobID string) *Subscriber {
 	const buf = 64
-	s := &subscriber{jobID: jobID, ch: make(chan api.Envelope, buf)}
-
+	s := &Subscriber{hub: h, jobID: jobID, ch: make(chan api.Envelope, buf)}
 	h.mu.Lock()
 	if h.subs[jobID] == nil {
-		h.subs[jobID] = make(map[*subscriber]struct{})
+		h.subs[jobID] = make(map[*Subscriber]struct{})
 	}
 	h.subs[jobID][s] = struct{}{}
 	h.mu.Unlock()
+	return s
+}
 
-	defer func() {
-		h.mu.Lock()
-		if set, ok := h.subs[jobID]; ok {
-			delete(set, s)
-			if len(set) == 0 {
-				delete(h.subs, jobID)
-			}
-		}
-		h.mu.Unlock()
-	}()
+// Send pushes env onto the subscriber's channel. Non-blocking: if the
+// buffer is full, the message is dropped and a warning is logged.
+func (s *Subscriber) Send(env api.Envelope) {
+	select {
+	case s.ch <- env:
+	default:
+		slog.Warn("ws browser sub: send buffer full, dropping message",
+			"job_id", s.jobID, "type", env.Type)
+	}
+}
 
-	// Drain pump.
+// Run pumps messages from the subscriber's channel onto conn until
+// ctx is cancelled or conn dies. Unregisters on return. Caller is
+// expected to invoke this from the goroutine that owns conn.
+func (s *Subscriber) Run(ctx context.Context, conn *Conn) {
+	defer s.unregister()
 	for {
 		select {
 		case <-ctx.Done():
@@ -77,20 +89,35 @@ func (h *JobHub) Subscribe(ctx context.Context, jobID string, conn *Conn) {
 			err := conn.Send(sendCtx, env)
 			cancel()
 			if err != nil {
-				slog.Info("ws browser send failed; closing subscriber", "job_id", jobID, "err", err)
+				slog.Info("ws browser send failed; closing subscriber",
+					"job_id", s.jobID, "err", err)
 				return
 			}
 		}
 	}
 }
 
+func (s *Subscriber) unregister() {
+	s.hub.mu.Lock()
+	if set, ok := s.hub.subs[s.jobID]; ok {
+		delete(set, s)
+		if len(set) == 0 {
+			delete(s.hub.subs, s.jobID)
+		}
+	}
+	s.hub.mu.Unlock()
+}
+
+// Subscribe is a one-call convenience for callers that don't need to
+// prime the channel before the pump. Equivalent to Register + Run.
+func (h *JobHub) Subscribe(ctx context.Context, jobID string, conn *Conn) {
+	s := h.Register(jobID)
+	s.Run(ctx, conn)
+}
+
 // Broadcast sends env to every subscriber for jobID. Non-blocking:
 // if a subscriber's buffer is full, the message is dropped for that
-// subscriber and a warning is logged. Other subscribers are
-// unaffected.
-//
-// Safe to call from any goroutine; holds an RLock briefly to snapshot
-// the subscriber set, then releases before sending.
+// subscriber. Other subscribers are unaffected.
 func (h *JobHub) Broadcast(jobID string, env api.Envelope) {
 	h.mu.RLock()
 	set := h.subs[jobID]
@@ -98,27 +125,19 @@ func (h *JobHub) Broadcast(jobID string, env api.Envelope) {
 		h.mu.RUnlock()
 		return
 	}
-	targets := make([]*subscriber, 0, len(set))
+	targets := make([]*Subscriber, 0, len(set))
 	for s := range set {
 		targets = append(targets, s)
 	}
 	h.mu.RUnlock()
 
 	for _, s := range targets {
-		select {
-		case s.ch <- env:
-		default:
-			// Buffer full — drop. Logged once per drop; a flood means
-			// the browser is genuinely stuck, not just slow.
-			slog.Warn("ws browser sub: send buffer full, dropping message",
-				"job_id", jobID, "type", env.Type)
-		}
+		s.Send(env)
 	}
 }
 
 // SubscriberCount returns the number of browsers currently watching
-// jobID. Used for diagnostics / future "this many people are
-// watching" counters.
+// jobID.
 func (h *JobHub) SubscriberCount(jobID string) int {
 	h.mu.RLock()
 	defer h.mu.RUnlock()
diff --git a/internal/store/hosts.go b/internal/store/hosts.go
index cd8fbb9..4d3eea3 100644
--- a/internal/store/hosts.go
+++ b/internal/store/hosts.go
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ func (s *Store) LookupHostByAgentToken(ctx context.Context, tokenHash string) (*
 			enrolled_at, last_seen_at, status, repo_id, tags,
 			current_job_id, last_backup_at, last_backup_status,
 			repo_size_bytes, snapshot_count, open_alert_count,
-			applied_schedule_version, default_paths
+			applied_schedule_version, default_paths, repo_initialised_at
 		 FROM hosts WHERE agent_token_hash = ?`,
 		tokenHash)
 	return scanHost(row)
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ func (s *Store) GetHost(ctx context.Context, id string) (*Host, error) {
 			enrolled_at, last_seen_at, status, repo_id, tags,
 			current_job_id, last_backup_at, last_backup_status,
 			repo_size_bytes, snapshot_count, open_alert_count,
-			applied_schedule_version, default_paths
+			applied_schedule_version, default_paths, repo_initialised_at
 		 FROM hosts WHERE id = ?`, id)
 	return scanHost(row)
 }
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ func (s *Store) ListHosts(ctx context.Context) ([]Host, error) {
 			enrolled_at, last_seen_at, status, repo_id, tags,
 			current_job_id, last_backup_at, last_backup_status,
 			repo_size_bytes, snapshot_count, open_alert_count,
-			applied_schedule_version, default_paths
+			applied_schedule_version, default_paths, repo_initialised_at
 		 FROM hosts ORDER BY name`)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("store: list hosts: %w", err)
@@ -163,13 +163,14 @@ func scanHostRow(s hostScanner) (*Host, error) {
 		enrolled                      string
 		tags                          string
 		defaultPaths                  string
+		repoInitAt                    sql.NullString
 	)
 	err := s.Scan(&h.ID, &h.Name, &h.OS, &h.Arch,
 		&h.AgentVersion, &h.ResticVersion, &h.ProtocolVersion,
 		&enrolled, &lastSeen, &h.Status, &repoID, &tags,
 		&currentJob, &lastBackupAt, &lastBkSt,
 		&h.RepoSizeBytes, &h.SnapshotCount, &h.OpenAlertCount,
-		&h.AppliedScheduleVersion, &defaultPaths)
+		&h.AppliedScheduleVersion, &defaultPaths, &repoInitAt)
 	if err != nil {
 		if errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows) {
 			return nil, ErrNotFound
@@ -213,5 +214,28 @@ func scanHostRow(s hostScanner) (*Host, error) {
 	if defaultPaths != "" {
 		_ = json.Unmarshal([]byte(defaultPaths), &h.DefaultPaths)
 	}
+	if repoInitAt.Valid {
+		t, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339Nano, repoInitAt.String)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("store: parse repo_initialised_at: %w", err)
+		}
+		h.RepoInitialisedAt = &t
+	}
 	return &h, nil
 }
+
+// MarkHostRepoInitialised sets repo_initialised_at to `when` if it is
+// currently NULL. Idempotent: re-firing for an already-initialised
+// host is a no-op (we never want to clobber the original timestamp).
+// Returns true if the row was updated, false if it was already set.
+func (s *Store) MarkHostRepoInitialised(ctx context.Context, hostID string, when time.Time) (bool, error) {
+	res, err := s.db.ExecContext(ctx,
+		`UPDATE hosts SET repo_initialised_at = ?
+		 WHERE id = ? AND repo_initialised_at IS NULL`,
+		when.UTC().Format(time.RFC3339Nano), hostID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("store: mark repo initialised: %w", err)
+	}
+	n, _ := res.RowsAffected()
+	return n > 0, nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/store/migrations/0004_repo_initialised.sql b/internal/store/migrations/0004_repo_initialised.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b55d486
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/store/migrations/0004_repo_initialised.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+-- 0004_repo_initialised.sql
+--
+-- Track whether a host's restic repo has been initialised. Set when:
+--   1. a `repo_init` job succeeds, OR
+--   2. any backup job succeeds (proves the repo exists), OR
+--   3. a snapshots.report arrives with at least one snapshot.
+--
+-- Once set, never cleared by code — only by the operator deleting the
+-- host or wiping the column manually if they re-pointed the agent at
+-- a different (empty) repo. The UI keys off NULL/non-NULL to decide
+-- whether to surface the red "Initialise repo" affordance in the
+-- run-now panel.
+
+ALTER TABLE hosts
+  ADD COLUMN repo_initialised_at TEXT;
diff --git a/internal/store/migrations/0005_jobs_init_kind.sql b/internal/store/migrations/0005_jobs_init_kind.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a34ec28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/store/migrations/0005_jobs_init_kind.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+-- 0005_jobs_init_kind.sql
+--
+-- Add 'init' to the jobs.kind CHECK constraint so the operator can
+-- dispatch a `restic init` job from the UI before the first backup.
+-- SQLite can't ALTER a CHECK in place, so we rebuild the table.
+--
+-- Rebuild pattern note: we create jobs_new (with the wider CHECK),
+-- copy data over, DROP the original jobs table, then ALTER RENAME
+-- jobs_new TO jobs. This avoids the trap of renaming the original
+-- first — with legacy_alter_table=OFF (the modern default), a rename
+-- propagates into FK references in dependent tables (e.g.
+-- job_logs.job_id), leaving them pointing at the temporary name even
+-- after we drop it. Migration 0006 cleans up the orphan FK left by
+-- the first version of this migration on already-affected DBs.
+
+PRAGMA foreign_keys = OFF;
+
+CREATE TABLE jobs_new (
+  id              TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+  host_id         TEXT NOT NULL REFERENCES hosts(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+  kind            TEXT NOT NULL CHECK (kind IN ('backup','init','forget','prune','check','unlock')),
+  status          TEXT NOT NULL CHECK (status IN ('queued','running','succeeded','failed','cancelled')),
+  scheduled_id    TEXT REFERENCES schedules(id) ON DELETE SET NULL,
+  actor_kind      TEXT NOT NULL CHECK (actor_kind IN ('user','schedule','system')),
+  actor_id        TEXT,
+  started_at      TEXT,
+  finished_at     TEXT,
+  exit_code       INTEGER,
+  stats           TEXT,
+  error           TEXT,
+  created_at      TEXT NOT NULL
+);
+
+INSERT INTO jobs_new
+  SELECT id, host_id, kind, status, scheduled_id, actor_kind, actor_id,
+         started_at, finished_at, exit_code, stats, error, created_at
+  FROM jobs;
+
+DROP TABLE jobs;
+
+ALTER TABLE jobs_new RENAME TO jobs;
+
+CREATE INDEX jobs_host_id ON jobs(host_id);
+CREATE INDEX jobs_status ON jobs(status);
+CREATE INDEX jobs_created_at ON jobs(created_at);
+
+PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON;
diff --git a/internal/store/migrations/0006_fix_job_logs_fk.sql b/internal/store/migrations/0006_fix_job_logs_fk.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..75840a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/store/migrations/0006_fix_job_logs_fk.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+-- 0006_fix_job_logs_fk.sql
+--
+-- Migration 0005 rebuilt the jobs table via the unsafe pattern of
+-- renaming the original to jobs_old before dropping it. SQLite (with
+-- legacy_alter_table=OFF, the modern default) propagated that rename
+-- into the FK declaration of job_logs.job_id, which is now pointing
+-- at jobs_old — a table that no longer exists. INSERTs into job_logs
+-- fail with "no such table: main.jobs_old (1)".
+--
+-- Rebuild job_logs using the safe pattern: create job_logs_new with
+-- a clean FK to jobs, copy rows, drop the broken job_logs, rename
+-- job_logs_new to job_logs. Renaming job_logs_new is safe because
+-- nothing references it.
+
+PRAGMA foreign_keys = OFF;
+
+CREATE TABLE job_logs_new (
+  job_id      TEXT NOT NULL REFERENCES jobs(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+  seq         INTEGER NOT NULL,
+  ts          TEXT NOT NULL,
+  stream      TEXT NOT NULL CHECK (stream IN ('stdout','stderr','event')),
+  payload     TEXT NOT NULL,
+  PRIMARY KEY (job_id, seq)
+);
+
+INSERT INTO job_logs_new (job_id, seq, ts, stream, payload)
+  SELECT job_id, seq, ts, stream, payload FROM job_logs;
+
+DROP TABLE job_logs;
+
+ALTER TABLE job_logs_new RENAME TO job_logs;
+
+PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON;
diff --git a/internal/store/types.go b/internal/store/types.go
index c7b0970..5b09732 100644
--- a/internal/store/types.go
+++ b/internal/store/types.go
@@ -62,6 +62,12 @@ type Host struct {
 	// operator hits "Run now" without supplying paths. Phase 1
 	// interim — schedules (P2-01) supersede this.
 	DefaultPaths            []string
+	// RepoInitialisedAt is non-nil once we've confirmed the host's
+	// repo has been initialised — either the operator clicked the
+	// init button, or a backup succeeded, or snapshots.report came
+	// back non-empty. The host detail run-now panel shows a red
+	// "Initialise repo" affordance while this is nil.
+	RepoInitialisedAt       *time.Time
 }
 
 // EnrollmentToken is the issuer's view of a one-time token. The
diff --git a/spec.md b/spec.md
index e71270f..06de2a4 100644
--- a/spec.md
+++ b/spec.md
@@ -123,14 +123,34 @@ It is built for small-to-medium fleets (initial target: ~12 endpoints) and is in
 - **Service integration:** systemd unit (Linux). Windows service via
   `golang.org/x/sys/windows/svc` — Phase 2.
 - **Footprint goal:** ≤ 15 MB binary, ≤ 50 MB RSS idle
+- **Privilege model:** the agent runs as root, sandboxed via systemd. A
+  fleet-backup tool needs to read every file on the system regardless
+  of DAC permissions; running as a dedicated unprivileged user means
+  either silent skips on `/home`, `/root`, `/var/lib/<other-daemons>`,
+  or operators having to add the service user to every group whose
+  files they want backed up. Both are worse failure modes than the
+  threat model already implies — the agent holds long-lived repo
+  credentials, executes arbitrary `restic` commands, and runs
+  operator-defined hooks; its blast radius is already large. This
+  matches how every comparable tool ships (UrBackup client, Veeam
+  Agent, Bareos FD, BackupPC client, borgmatic via systemd). The
+  mitigation is aggressive systemd sandboxing of the root process:
+  drop the capability set to `CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH` (read any file)
+  + `CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE`/`CAP_FOWNER`/`CAP_CHOWN` (restore ownership);
+  `NoNewPrivileges=true` blocks escalation; `ProtectSystem=strict`
+  + a tight `ReadWritePaths=` confines writes to `/etc/restic-manager`
+  and `/var/lib/restic-manager`; `ProtectHome=read-only` keeps `/home`
+  readable but immutable; standard `Protect*` / `Restrict*` toggles
+  cover the rest. Hooks (P2) run as root by default with a per-hook
+  override knob.
 - **Persistence:** `agent.yaml` (server URL, host ID, bearer, secrets
   key) + an AEAD-encrypted secrets blob (`secrets.enc`) holding the
-  restic repo URL + password. Both files are mode 0600 owned by the
-  agent service user. Phase 1 ships the encrypted-file form on
-  Linux; Phase 2 swaps that for OS-keyring storage (DPAPI on Windows,
-  Secret Service / `pass` on Linux where a session bus is
-  available — see §7.3). A small state DB (BoltDB or JSON) for
-  queued reports lands when offline-resilience work does.
+  restic repo URL + password. Both files are mode 0600 owned by root.
+  Phase 1 ships the encrypted-file form on Linux; Phase 2 swaps that
+  for OS-keyring storage (DPAPI on Windows, Secret Service / `pass`
+  on Linux where a session bus is available — see §7.3). A small
+  state DB (BoltDB or JSON) for queued reports lands when offline-
+  resilience work does.
 - **Restic invocation:** spawns `restic` with `--json`, parses streamed output, forwards to server in real time
 - **Updates:** distributed via OS package manager — apt repo (Linux) and
   Chocolatey package (Windows), both pointing at gitea releases. No
@@ -517,7 +537,7 @@ Restore a snapshot taken on host A onto host B (e.g. recover a dead box onto a f
 
 - **Credential model:** target host's agent receives a temporary, server-issued read credential for the source host's repo, scoped to a single restore job and revoked immediately after
 - **Path remapping:** UI allows rewriting source paths to target paths (e.g. `/home/alice` → `/home/alice-new`)
-- **Permissions:** restore runs as the agent's service user; UI surfaces a warning when source paths require root and target service user is non-root
+- **Permissions:** restore runs as root (the agent's process; see §4.2). The agent retains `CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE`/`CAP_FOWNER`/`CAP_CHOWN` precisely so it can recreate ownership on the target. The "service user is non-root" warning that appeared in earlier drafts is moot.
 - **Phase:** 3 (with the restore wizard)
 
 ### 14.2 Bandwidth limiting
@@ -535,7 +555,7 @@ Per-host shell commands run before and after a backup job. Use cases: `mysqldump
 
 - **Schema:** `Schedule.pre_hook` and `Schedule.post_hook` (string, optional). For more complex cases, `Host.pre_hook_default` / `Host.post_hook_default` apply to all schedules on that host unless overridden
 - **Applicability:** hooks are only meaningful for `kind = backup` schedules. The API rejects non-null `pre_hook` / `post_hook` on any other schedule kind (`forget`, `prune`, `check`) with a clear validation error rather than silently ignoring them. The same constraint applies to `Host.pre_hook_default` / `Host.post_hook_default`: they only fire for backup schedules on that host
-- **Execution:** agent runs hooks via the host's default shell (`/bin/sh` Linux, `cmd.exe` or PowerShell Windows — host-configurable)
+- **Execution:** agent runs hooks via the host's default shell (`/bin/sh` Linux, `cmd.exe` or PowerShell Windows — host-configurable). Hooks inherit the agent's process — i.e. **root by default** (see §4.2). A per-hook `run_as` field lets the operator drop privileges for a specific hook (`run_as: postgres` for a `pg_dump` hook, etc.); the agent uses `setuid`/`setgid` before exec rather than shelling out to `sudo`. Hooks running as root is what makes `docker stop`, `mysqldump`, `systemctl reload` etc. work without per-host setup, which is what the user expects when typing them into the UI.
 - **Failure semantics:** `pre_hook` non-zero exit aborts the backup and marks the job failed. `post_hook` runs on both success and failure (with `RM_JOB_STATUS` env var); its own exit code is recorded but does not change the backup job's final status
 - **Stdout/stderr:** captured into `JobLog` like restic output, prefixed `pre_hook:` / `post_hook:`
 - **Security:** hooks are stored encrypted; only admins can edit them; every edit audit-logged
diff --git a/web/static/css/styles.css b/web/static/css/styles.css
index 51bac67..8de349e 100644
--- a/web/static/css/styles.css
+++ b/web/static/css/styles.css
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
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var(--tw-space-y-reverse)))}.overflow-hidden,.truncate{overflow:hidden}.truncate{text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.text-pretty{text-wrap:pretty}.rounded-\[3px\]{border-radius:3px}.rounded-\[5px\]{border-radius:5px}.rounded-\[6px\]{border-radius:6px}.rounded-\[7px\]{border-radius:7px}.rounded-full{border-radius:9999px}.border{border-width:1px}.border-y{border-top-width:1px}.border-b,.border-y{border-bottom-width:1px}.border-t{border-top-width:1px}.border-line{border-color:oklch(.27 .01 250)}.border-line-soft{border-color:oklch(.23 .008 250)}.p-0{padding:0}.p-4{padding:1rem}.px-1{padding-left:.25rem;padding-right:.25rem}.px-1\.5{padding-left:.375rem;padding-right:.375rem}.px-2{padding-left:.5rem;padding-right:.5rem}.px-2\.5{padding-left:.625rem;padding-right:.625rem}.px-3{padding-left:.75rem;padding-right:.75rem}.px-4{padding-left:1rem;padding-right:1rem}.px-7{padding-left:1.75rem;padding-right:1.75rem}.px-8{padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem}.py-0\.5{padding-bottom:.125rem;padding-top:.125rem}.py-12{padding-bottom:3rem;padding-top:3rem}.py-2{padding-bottom:.5rem;padding-top:.5rem}.py-2\.5{padding-bottom:.625rem;padding-top:.625rem}.py-3{padding-bottom:.75rem;padding-top:.75rem}.py-3\.5{padding-bottom:.875rem;padding-top:.875rem}.py-4{padding-bottom:1rem;padding-top:1rem}.py-5{padding-bottom:1.25rem;padding-top:1.25rem}.py-6{padding-bottom:1.5rem;padding-top:1.5rem}.py-7{padding-bottom:1.75rem;padding-top:1.75rem}.pb-14{padding-bottom:3.5rem}.pb-2{padding-bottom:.5rem}.pb-24{padding-bottom:6rem}.pb-3{padding-bottom:.75rem}.pb-4{padding-bottom:1rem}.pl-9{padding-left:2.25rem}.pt-1{padding-top:.25rem}.pt-14{padding-top:3.5rem}.pt-5{padding-top:1.25rem}.pt-6{padding-top:1.5rem}.pt-7{padding-top:1.75rem}.pt-9{padding-top:2.25rem}.text-center{text-align:center}.text-right{text-align:right}.text-2xl{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:2rem}.text-\[10\.5px\]{font-size:10.5px}.text-\[10px\]{font-size:10px}.text-\[11\.5px\]{font-size:11.5px}.text-\[11px\]{font-size:11px}.text-\[12\.5px\]{font-size:12.5px}.text-\[12px\]{font-size:12px}.text-\[13px\]{font-size:13px}.text-\[14px\]{font-size:14px}.text-\[18px\]{font-size:18px}.text-\[22px\]{font-size:22px}.text-\[26px\]{font-size:26px}.text-\[28px\]{font-size:28px}.text-base{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5rem}.text-lg{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.75rem}.text-sm{font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.25rem}.text-xs{font-size:.75rem;line-height:1rem}.font-medium{font-weight:500}.font-normal{font-weight:400}.font-semibold{font-weight:600}.uppercase{text-transform:uppercase}.italic{font-style:italic}.leading-\[1\.55\]{line-height:1.55}.leading-\[1\.65\]{line-height:1.65}.leading-\[1\.6\]{line-height:1.6}.leading-\[1\.7\]{line-height:1.7}.leading-\[20px\]{line-height:20px}.tracking-\[-0\.005em\]{letter-spacing:-.005em}.tracking-\[-0\.012em\]{letter-spacing:-.012em}.tracking-\[-0\.01em\]{letter-spacing:-.01em}.tracking-\[-0\.02em\]{letter-spacing:-.02em}.tracking-\[0\.005em\]{letter-spacing:.005em}.tracking-\[0\.01em\]{letter-spacing:.01em}.tracking-\[0\.02em\]{letter-spacing:.02em}.tracking-\[0\.08em\]{letter-spacing:.08em}.tracking-\[0\.1em\]{letter-spacing:.1em}.text-accent{color:oklch(.82 .12 195)}.text-bad{color:oklch(.7 .2 25)}.text-ink{color:oklch(.96 .005 250)}.text-ink-fade{color:oklch(.42 .006 250)}.text-ink-mid{color:oklch(.78 .005 250)}.text-ink-mute{color:oklch(.58 .006 250)}.text-ok{color:oklch(.78 .14 155)}.text-warn{color:oklch(.82 .13 80)}.underline{text-decoration-line:underline}.no-underline{text-decoration-line:none}.decoration-line{text-decoration-color:oklch(.27 .01 250)}.underline-offset-4{text-underline-offset:4px}.opacity-50{opacity:.5}.transition{transition-duration:.15s;transition-property:color,background-color,border-color,text-decoration-color,fill,stroke,opacity,box-shadow,transform,filter,-webkit-backdrop-filter;transition-property:color,background-color,border-color,text-decoration-color,fill,stroke,opacity,box-shadow,transform,filter,backdrop-filter;transition-property:color,background-color,border-color,text-decoration-color,fill,stroke,opacity,box-shadow,transform,filter,backdrop-filter,-webkit-backdrop-filter;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1)}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/web/styles/input.css b/web/styles/input.css
index cbf4ef3..3c08daf 100644
--- a/web/styles/input.css
+++ b/web/styles/input.css
@@ -174,6 +174,17 @@
   .host-row.failed   { border-left-color: color-mix(in oklch, var(--bad),  transparent 50%); }
   .host-row.offline  { border-left-color: color-mix(in oklch, var(--off),  transparent 70%); }
   .host-row:hover    { background: var(--panel-hi); }
+  /* Whole-row click → host detail. The action cell sits above via
+     z-index so its button keeps working. */
+  .host-row.clickable { position: relative; }
+  .host-row.clickable .row-link {
+    position: absolute; inset: 0; z-index: 0;
+    text-indent: -9999px; overflow: hidden;
+  }
+  .host-row.clickable:hover { cursor: pointer; }
+  .host-row.clickable > * { position: relative; z-index: 1; pointer-events: none; }
+  .host-row.clickable > .row-link { pointer-events: auto; }
+  .host-row.clickable > .row-action { pointer-events: auto; }
 
   /* ---------- log viewer ---------- */
   .log {
diff --git a/web/templates/layouts/base.html b/web/templates/layouts/base.html
index 03c91cd..6e3533d 100644
--- a/web/templates/layouts/base.html
+++ b/web/templates/layouts/base.html
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
     {{block "content" .}}{{end}}
   </main>
 
+  {{template "toast" .}}
+
 </body>
 </html>
 {{end}}
diff --git a/web/templates/pages/add_host.html b/web/templates/pages/add_host.html
index c6ba5ba..e624c91 100644
--- a/web/templates/pages/add_host.html
+++ b/web/templates/pages/add_host.html
@@ -68,9 +68,9 @@
           <div class="field-help">For <span class="mono text-ink-mid">rest-server</span> with htpasswd, this is the per-host user.</div>
         </div>
         <div class="mb-7">
-          <label class="field-label" for="ah-pass">Repo password</label>
-          <input id="ah-pass" name="repo_password" type="password" class="field" required>
-          <div class="field-help">Encrypted at rest using the server’s AEAD key. Pushed to the agent only over the authenticated WebSocket.</div>
+          <label class="field-label" for="ah-pass">Repo password <span class="text-ink-fade font-normal">· optional — leave blank to generate</span></label>
+          <input id="ah-pass" name="repo_password" type="password" class="field">
+          <div class="field-help">Encrypted at rest using the server’s AEAD key, pushed to the agent only over the authenticated WebSocket. Leave blank and we’ll mint a 24-byte URL-safe random password and surface it once on the next page (alongside the <span class="mono text-ink-mid">htpasswd</span> snippet you’ll need to run on the rest-server).</div>
         </div>
 
         <div class="flex gap-2 pt-5 border-t border-line-soft">
@@ -135,18 +135,42 @@
       dashboard within a few seconds of the agent connecting.
     </p>
 
-    <div class="snippet mt-6 panel">
-      <div class="snippet-head">
-        <span>Install command · paste-and-run</span>
+    {{if and $page.RepoUsername $page.RepoPassword}}
+    <div class="snippet mt-6 panel" style="border-color: color-mix(in oklch, var(--warn), transparent 60%);">
+      <div class="snippet-head" style="background: color-mix(in oklch, var(--warn), transparent 92%);">
+        <span>
+          Run on the rest-server box first
+          {{if $page.PasswordGenerated}}
+            <span class="mono text-[10.5px] px-1.5 py-0.5 ml-2 rounded-[3px]"
+                  style="background: color-mix(in oklch, var(--ok), transparent 88%); color: var(--ok); border: 1px solid color-mix(in oklch, var(--ok), transparent 70%);">password generated</span>
+          {{end}}
+          <span class="text-ink-fade ml-2">· this is the only time you’ll see the password</span>
+        </span>
         <div class="flex gap-2">
           <button type="button" class="btn"
-                  data-snippet="curl -fsSL {{$page.ServerURL}}/install.sh | sudo RM_SERVER={{$page.ServerURL}} RM_TOKEN={{$page.Token}} sh"
+                  data-snippet="echo '{{$page.RepoPassword}}' | sudo htpasswd -B -i /path/to/htpasswd {{$page.RepoUsername}}"
                   onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.dataset.snippet); this.textContent='Copied'; setTimeout(()=>this.textContent='Copy', 2000);">Copy</button>
         </div>
       </div>
-      <pre>curl -fsSL <span class="var">{{$page.ServerURL}}/install.sh</span> | sudo \
+      <pre>echo '<span class="var">{{$page.RepoPassword}}</span>' | sudo htpasswd -B -i <span class="var">/path/to/htpasswd</span> <span class="var">{{$page.RepoUsername}}</span></pre>
+      <div class="px-4 pt-1 pb-3 text-[12px] text-ink-mute leading-[1.55]">
+        Replace <span class="mono text-ink-mid">/path/to/htpasswd</span> with whatever your <span class="mono text-ink-mid">restic/rest-server</span> reads (typically the file passed via <span class="mono text-ink-mid">--htpasswd-file</span>, or <span class="mono text-ink-mid">/data/.htpasswd</span> in the official Docker image). The <span class="mono text-ink-mid">-i</span> flag reads the password from stdin so it never appears in your shell’s process list. Then either send <span class="mono text-ink-mid">SIGHUP</span> to the rest-server process or restart the container to pick up the new entry.
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    {{end}}
+
+    <div class="snippet mt-4 panel">
+      <div class="snippet-head">
+        <span>Install command · paste-and-run on the host you’re backing up</span>
+        <div class="flex gap-2">
+          <button type="button" class="btn"
+                  data-snippet="curl -fsSL {{$page.ServerURL}}/install/install.sh | sudo RM_SERVER={{$page.ServerURL}} RM_TOKEN={{$page.Token}} bash"
+                  onclick="navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.dataset.snippet); this.textContent='Copied'; setTimeout(()=>this.textContent='Copy', 2000);">Copy</button>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <pre>curl -fsSL <span class="var">{{$page.ServerURL}}/install/install.sh</span> | sudo \
   RM_SERVER=<span class="var">{{$page.ServerURL}}</span> \
-  RM_TOKEN=<span class="var">{{$page.Token}}</span> sh</pre>
+  RM_TOKEN=<span class="var">{{$page.Token}}</span> bash</pre>
     </div>
 
     <div class="grid grid-cols-12 gap-6 mt-7">
diff --git a/web/templates/pages/host_detail.html b/web/templates/pages/host_detail.html
index 4a3f619..9bccaeb 100644
--- a/web/templates/pages/host_detail.html
+++ b/web/templates/pages/host_detail.html
@@ -38,13 +38,19 @@
       </div>
     </div>
     <div class="flex items-center gap-2">
-      {{if ne $host.Status "offline"}}
+      {{if eq $host.Status "offline"}}
+        <button class="btn" disabled title="agent is offline">Run backup now</button>
+      {{else if not $host.RepoInitialisedAt}}
+        <button class="btn btn-danger"
+                hx-post="/hosts/{{$host.ID}}/init-repo"
+                hx-swap="none"
+                hx-disabled-elt="this"
+                title="restic repo not yet initialised — run this once before the first backup">Initialise repo</button>
+      {{else}}
         <button class="btn btn-primary"
                 hx-post="/hosts/{{$host.ID}}/run-backup"
                 hx-swap="none"
                 hx-disabled-elt="this">Run backup now</button>
-      {{else}}
-        <button class="btn" disabled title="agent is offline">Run backup now</button>
       {{end}}
       <button class="btn">Edit credentials</button>
       <button class="btn btn-ghost text-base px-2.5">⋯</button>
@@ -113,10 +119,17 @@
             </p>
             {{if ne $host.Status "offline"}}
               <div class="mt-5">
-                <button class="btn btn-primary"
-                        hx-post="/hosts/{{$host.ID}}/run-backup"
-                        hx-swap="none"
-                        hx-disabled-elt="this">Run first backup</button>
+                {{if not $host.RepoInitialisedAt}}
+                  <button class="btn btn-danger"
+                          hx-post="/hosts/{{$host.ID}}/init-repo"
+                          hx-swap="none"
+                          hx-disabled-elt="this">Initialise repo</button>
+                {{else}}
+                  <button class="btn btn-primary"
+                          hx-post="/hosts/{{$host.ID}}/run-backup"
+                          hx-swap="none"
+                          hx-disabled-elt="this">Run now</button>
+                {{end}}
               </div>
             {{end}}
           </div>
@@ -162,10 +175,18 @@
       <div class="panel rounded-[7px] px-4 py-3.5">
         <div class="text-[11px] text-ink-fade uppercase tracking-[0.1em] mb-2.5">Run-now</div>
         <div class="flex flex-col gap-1.5">
-          <button class="btn justify-start w-full {{if eq $host.Status "offline"}}opacity-50 cursor-not-allowed pointer-events-none{{end}}"
+          {{if not $host.RepoInitialisedAt}}
+            <button class="btn justify-start w-full text-bad font-medium {{if eq $host.Status "offline"}}opacity-50 cursor-not-allowed pointer-events-none{{end}}"
+                    hx-post="/hosts/{{$host.ID}}/init-repo"
+                    hx-swap="none"
+                    hx-disabled-elt="this"
+                    title="restic repo not yet initialised — click to run `restic init` once">init</button>
+          {{end}}
+          <button class="btn justify-start w-full {{if or (eq $host.Status "offline") (not $host.RepoInitialisedAt)}}opacity-50 cursor-not-allowed pointer-events-none{{end}}"
                   hx-post="/hosts/{{$host.ID}}/run-backup"
                   hx-swap="none"
-                  hx-disabled-elt="this">backup</button>
+                  hx-disabled-elt="this"
+                  {{if not $host.RepoInitialisedAt}}title="initialise the repo first"{{end}}>backup</button>
           <button class="btn justify-start w-full" disabled title="lands with P2-05">forget <span class="text-[10px] text-ink-fade ml-1.5">P2</span></button>
           <button class="btn justify-start w-full" disabled title="lands with P2-06">prune <span class="text-[10px] text-ink-fade ml-1.5">admin</span></button>
           <button class="btn justify-start w-full" disabled title="lands with P2-07">check <span class="text-[10px] text-ink-fade ml-1.5">P2</span></button>
diff --git a/web/templates/partials/host_row.html b/web/templates/partials/host_row.html
index 69eef23..8007f43 100644
--- a/web/templates/partials/host_row.html
+++ b/web/templates/partials/host_row.html
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {{define "host_row"}}
-<div class="row-hover host-row hairline {{.Status}}{{if eq (deref .LastBackupStatus) "failed"}} failed{{end}}">
+<div class="row-hover host-row clickable hairline {{.Status}}{{if eq (deref .LastBackupStatus) "failed"}} failed{{end}}">
+  <a href="/hosts/{{.ID}}" class="row-link" aria-label="Open {{.Name}}">{{.Name}}</a>
   <div>
     {{- if eq .Status "online" -}}
       <span class="dot dot-online{{if .CurrentJobID}} pulse{{end}}"></span>
@@ -45,21 +46,22 @@
       <span class="tag">{{.}}</span>
     {{- end -}}
   </div>
-  <div class="text-right">
+  <div class="text-right row-action">
     {{- if eq .Status "offline" -}}
       <span class="mono text-xs text-ink-fade">offline</span>
     {{- else if .CurrentJobID -}}
-      <a href="/hosts/{{.ID}}" class="btn btn-ghost">View →</a>
+      <a href="/jobs/{{deref .CurrentJobID}}" class="btn btn-ghost">View job →</a>
+    {{- else if not .RepoInitialisedAt -}}
+      <button class="btn btn-danger"
+              hx-post="/hosts/{{.ID}}/init-repo"
+              hx-swap="none"
+              hx-disabled-elt="this"
+              title="restic repo not yet initialised">Init repo</button>
     {{- else if eq (deref .LastBackupStatus) "failed" -}}
       <button class="btn"
               hx-post="/hosts/{{.ID}}/run-backup"
               hx-swap="none"
               hx-disabled-elt="this">Retry</button>
-    {{- else if eq .SnapshotCount 0 -}}
-      <button class="btn"
-              hx-post="/hosts/{{.ID}}/run-backup"
-              hx-swap="none"
-              hx-disabled-elt="this">Run first</button>
     {{- else -}}
       <button class="btn"
               hx-post="/hosts/{{.ID}}/run-backup"
diff --git a/web/templates/partials/toast.html b/web/templates/partials/toast.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9baab38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/web/templates/partials/toast.html
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+{{define "toast"}}
+{{/*
+  Global toast notifications.
+
+  Two trigger paths:
+    1. htmx:responseError — fires on any 4xx/5xx HTMX response. We
+       grab the response body (already a plain-text human message)
+       and show it as an error toast.
+    2. rm:toast — custom DOM event the server can fire from any
+       handler by setting the HX-Trigger header to:
+           HX-Trigger: {"rm:toast":{"level":"info","message":"…"}}
+       Levels: error|warn|info|success.
+
+  Toasts auto-dismiss after 5s; click to dismiss early.
+*/}}
+<div id="toast-container"
+     class="fixed bottom-5 right-5 z-50 flex flex-col gap-2 pointer-events-none"></div>
+
+<style>
+  .rm-toast {
+    pointer-events: auto;
+    min-width: 280px;
+    max-width: 480px;
+    padding: 11px 14px 12px;
+    border-radius: 7px;
+    border: 1px solid var(--line);
+    background: var(--panel);
+    color: var(--ink);
+    box-shadow: 0 6px 24px -8px rgba(0,0,0,0.35);
+    font-size: 13px;
+    line-height: 1.5;
+    display: flex;
+    gap: 10px;
+    align-items: flex-start;
+    transform: translateX(8px);
+    opacity: 0;
+    transition: transform 180ms ease-out, opacity 180ms ease-out;
+  }
+  .rm-toast.shown { transform: translateX(0); opacity: 1; }
+  .rm-toast.fading { opacity: 0; transform: translateX(12px); }
+  .rm-toast .rm-toast-tag {
+    font-family: var(--mono, ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, monospace);
+    font-size: 10.5px;
+    text-transform: uppercase;
+    letter-spacing: 0.06em;
+    padding: 2px 6px;
+    border-radius: 3px;
+    flex: none;
+  }
+  .rm-toast.lvl-error  { border-color: color-mix(in oklch, var(--bad), transparent 50%); }
+  .rm-toast.lvl-error  .rm-toast-tag { background: color-mix(in oklch, var(--bad), transparent 85%); color: var(--bad); }
+  .rm-toast.lvl-warn   { border-color: color-mix(in oklch, var(--warn), transparent 50%); }
+  .rm-toast.lvl-warn   .rm-toast-tag { background: color-mix(in oklch, var(--warn), transparent 85%); color: var(--warn); }
+  .rm-toast.lvl-success{ border-color: color-mix(in oklch, var(--ok), transparent 50%); }
+  .rm-toast.lvl-success.rm-toast-tag,
+  .rm-toast.lvl-success .rm-toast-tag { background: color-mix(in oklch, var(--ok), transparent 85%); color: var(--ok); }
+  .rm-toast.lvl-info   .rm-toast-tag { background: color-mix(in oklch, var(--accent), transparent 85%); color: var(--accent); }
+  .rm-toast .rm-toast-msg { flex: 1; word-break: break-word; }
+</style>
+
+<script>
+(function() {
+  const container = document.getElementById('toast-container');
+  const TAGS = { error: 'ERR', warn: 'WARN', success: 'OK', info: 'INFO' };
+
+  function showToast(message, level) {
+    if (!container) return;
+    level = level || 'info';
+    const t = document.createElement('div');
+    t.className = 'rm-toast lvl-' + level;
+    const tag = document.createElement('span');
+    tag.className = 'rm-toast-tag';
+    tag.textContent = TAGS[level] || level.toUpperCase();
+    const body = document.createElement('span');
+    body.className = 'rm-toast-msg';
+    body.textContent = message;
+    t.appendChild(tag);
+    t.appendChild(body);
+    t.addEventListener('click', () => dismiss(t));
+    container.appendChild(t);
+    requestAnimationFrame(() => t.classList.add('shown'));
+    setTimeout(() => dismiss(t), 5000);
+  }
+
+  function dismiss(t) {
+    if (!t.parentNode) return;
+    t.classList.add('fading');
+    setTimeout(() => t.remove(), 220);
+  }
+
+  // 1. HTMX 4xx/5xx → error toast with the response body verbatim.
+  document.body.addEventListener('htmx:responseError', (e) => {
+    const xhr = e.detail.xhr;
+    let msg = (xhr.responseText || '').trim();
+    if (!msg) msg = 'Request failed (' + xhr.status + ')';
+    showToast(msg, 'error');
+  });
+
+  // 2. Server-pushed custom events via HX-Trigger header. Payload
+  //    can be a string (treated as info) or {level, message}.
+  document.body.addEventListener('rm:toast', (e) => {
+    const d = e.detail || {};
+    if (typeof d === 'string') return showToast(d, 'info');
+    showToast(d.message || 'Done', d.level || 'info');
+  });
+})();
+</script>
+{{end}}